Archive for the ‘dual diagnosis’ Category

Big Island Recovery Garden

Drug and Alcohol addictions continue to affect people from all walks of life. Many people believe that all drug and alcohol abusers are criminals or are morally weak. But, that simply is not the case. Whether one is a doctor, stay-at-home mom, lawyer, teacher, preacher, mill worker, teenager or even a child, drug and alcohol addictions respect no one.
Addiction is a physiological dependence on something, meaning it is both physical and psychological in nature. Therefore, when one is addicted one literally needs whatever it is that feeds that addiction. Education remains a key factor in fighting drug and alcohol dependencies. When Hawaii Island Recovery helps people understand drug and alcohol abuse prevention becomes visible and effective.

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) notes, a tremendous opportunity exists to effectively change the ways in which the public understands drug abuse and addiction because of the wealth of scientific data NIDA has amassed. NIDA further states that overcoming misconceptions and replacing ideology with scientific knowledge is the best hope for bridging the “great disconnect” – Read the rest of this entry »

Addiction treatment’s main purpose is to help a person recover from drug and/or alcohol addiction. A person who goes in to addiction treatment may have other psychological problems that need to be addressed (Dually Diagnosed), but the primary purpose of every addiction treatment facility, unless they enter a dual diagnosis treatment center, should be the recovery from drugs and/or alcohol. Treating a co-occurring disorder will be part of treatment, but often drug treatment facilities will not be equipped to fully treat a dually diagnosed client.

Every treatment professional agrees that getting a person sober should be the first order of business because it is extremely difficult to treat a person for a co-occurring disorder when they are not sober. The ideal situation according to current research is to treat both the addiction and the co-occurring disorder concurrently. So when a person with a dual diagnosis enters treatment they should be evaluated to confirm any previous diagnoses, evaluated for medication, and immediately begin seeing a therapist to work on the co-occurring disorder.

The best treatment facilities, while being more expensive, are ones that combine drug and alcohol counseling and professional therapy. These should never be done by the same person, or rather, it is almost impossible to find a clinician who is capable of treating both at the same time, nor should they. A case manager’s responsibilities are distinct from a therapist’s responsibilities and the two do not combine very well in an addiction treatment facility. At Hawaii Island Recovery everyone has a therapist and a drug and alcohol case manager/counselor, or at least we highly suggest that they do. The therapist works with them on familial issues, co-occurring disorders, and relationship issues, whereas the drug and alcohol case manager/counselor works with the client on their recovery from drugs and alcohol.

The treatment plan for each client is developed by both the client’s therapist and case manager to ensure that both the client’s addiction and their co-occurring disorder is being treated effectively and efficiently. Over the years we have found that this is the best model for treating dually diagnosed clients.

Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. It is estimated that there are 100 billion neurons in the human brain. Neurons are complex and have many components. It is sometimes helpful to get an understanding of the brain and specifically neurons to get a clear picture of what drugs and alcohol do to the brain. Here’s some information on neurons:Glial Cells: Commonly called the “glue” of the neuron is the support structure of neurons. Glial cells provide neurons with nutrition, insulate them, and collect cellular debris when they die. Astrocytes form the physical support structure of the neuron. They also provide nutrients and clean up the debris around the neurons. Oligodentrocytes produce the insulation for the neuron (myelin sheath) in the central nervous system. Finally, Schwann cells produce the insulation for the neuron in the peripheral nervous system. Myelination increases the speed of axon transmission of action potentials and the myelination of various areas of the brain during development roughly parallels their functional development. Myelination of the sensory and motor areas occurs within the first year of life and myelination of the prefrontal cortex continues into adolescence and adulthood. This process can be highly effected by drug and alcohol abuse. Dendrites receive chemical messages from neighboring neurons. The Cell Body contains the nucleus (genes), mitochondria, ribosomes, etc… The Axon Hillock adds up the resulting chemical from neighboring neurons. The Axon transports electrical signals and chemical products of the cell body. The Presynaptic Bulb stores the chemical messengers that can bind to neighboring neurons. The Synapse is the junction between one neuron and a neighboring neuron. The neuron is made up of ions (Cations + and Anions -). With all the complexity of the brain and body, there are only 5 primary ions: Potassium Ions (K+) found in bananas, oranges, etc., Sodium Ions (Na +) found in salt, Chloride Ions (Cl-) found in salt, Calcium Ions (Ca+) found in milk, and protiens (A-) found in meats or produced by mitochondria cells. These Ions can pass through the Neuron Membrane (Differential Permeability) and the relative concentrations of ions on either side of the membrane create a dynamic equilibrium. The balance, or imbalance, of ions creates an electrical charge in the cell of roughly -70 mv. When a neuron is stimulated the electrical balance within the neuron changes and an action potential can be generated. An Action Potential is a sudden change in voltage in the neuron. An action potential is an all-or-none response. This means that the action potential does not vary and is generated when a voltage threshold is passed. It is the action potential that activates synaptic vesicles in the synaptic bulb to release neurotransmitters. Autoreceptors are proteins that regulate internal processes related to the production and release of neurotransmitters. They bind to their neuron’s own neurotransmitter receptor sites and it is these autoreceptors that are affected by external substances such as drugs. When autoreceptors are disrupted by drugs, neurotransmitters are disrupted. There is something called down-regulation and up-regulation of dendrite receptor sites. Down regulation is a process of decreasing the number of receptor sites due to excessive amounts of a neurotransmitter over an extended period of time (Cocaine for example, decreases the number of dopamine recpetors in the brain). Up Regulation is a process of increasing the number of receptor sites to the scarce amounts of a neurotransmitter over an extended period of time (Depression is thought to be an increase in the number of serotonin and norephinerine recpetors). Anti-depressants were developed with the processes of up-regulation and down-regulation in mind, no pun intended. Understanding the processes of the neuron and the neuron’s make up are an integral part of understanding how drugs can modify the brain.